Volume 3 - Issue 1 - DBU Journal for K-12 Educational Research - Page 11

Journal of K-12 Educational Research 9 in the field of educational reform and indicate that the concerns of conservative educational reformers voiced in the 1990s remain valid if not more pressing today. The findings of the current study are in alignment with the positions expressed by previous researchers both historically (Cookson, 1994; Engel, 2000; Henig, 1994; Tyack & Cuban, 1994) as well as currently (Black, 2017; Ravitch, 2014; Vasquez Heilig, et al., 2011). The current study highlights the prominence and prevalence of both metaphors in the experiences of current sitting superintendents impacted by these metaphors. The current study also emphasizes a need for continued dialogue and analysis of reform metaphors in the realm of public education. Previous researchers directed their efforts toward the articulation of these metaphors and their presentation to educational reformers. In the decades since, the current study indicates that these reform metaphors have continued to grow and currently are represented in the operational realities of sitting superintendents. In the theoretical sense, the continued study of these metaphors may yield new insights into how to navigate future reform efforts as well as identify sociological trends that impact public education. Policymakers, educational providers, and communities are required to participate in reform measures often without consideration given to the philosophical drivers of these reform policies. The further development of the terminology and metaphorical framework for understanding these reforms would enable participants to make more informed decisions as they navigate an already complex landscape of educational reform. References Black, D. W. (2017, October 24). Preferencing educational choice: The constitutional limits. Cornell Law Review,   103, 1359-1430. Retrieved from http://cornelllawreview.org/ files/2018/12/Blackfinal.pdf Chubb, J. E., & Moe, T. M. (1990). Politics, markets, and   America’s schools. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution. Cookson, P. W. (1994). School choice: The struggle for the soul   of American education. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. Engel, M. (2000). The struggle for control of public education: Market ideology vs. democratic values. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press. Friedman, M. (1982). Capitalism and freedom (2nd ed.). Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. Hastings, H. J. (1999). Making choices about school choice: A study of the legal and ideological issues of education vouchers in the United States (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global. (AAT3079561) Henig, J. (1994). Rethinking school choice: Limits of the market metaphor. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. Kalmar, W. F., Jr. (2014). School choice and the decision-making of school leaders (Doctoral dissertation). (Order No. 10586561) Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global. Lieberman, M. (1995). Public education: An autopsy. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Markowitz, M. C. (2001). A critique of charter school theory rom a Deweyan perspective on democracy and education (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global. (UMI No. 3018516). Ravitch, D. (2010). The death and life of the great American school system: How testing and choice are undermining education. New York, NY: Basic Books. Ravitch, D. (2014). Reign of error: The hoax of the privatization movement and the danger to America’s public schools. New York, NY: Vintage Books. Tyack, D., & Cuban, L. (1994). Tinkering toward utopia: A century of public school reform . Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Vasquez Heilig, J., Williams, A., McNeil, L., & Lee, C. (2011). Is choice a panacea? An analysis of Black secondary student attrition from KIPP, other private charters and urban districts. Berkeley Review of Education, 2 (2), 153-178.