16 Research supported pedagogical practices, standards, and expectations on virtual education program were not addressed. The results of the current study found the following three topic areas as the most frequently addressed and most covered content in virtual education codes: “Definitions,” “Enrollment & Eligibility,” and “Application-Establishment Criteria.” Figure 2 shows that “Definitions” was mentioned in 24 out of 31 states; “Enrollment & Eligibility” was mentioned in 22 out of 31 states; and “Application-Establishment Criteria” was mentioned in 19 out of 31 states. In terms of percent coverage, the three topics combined made up almost 40% of the virtual education codes’ content. Figure 2 shows the top 12 most frequently addressed topics. Sadly, topics such as student-to-teacher ratio (2), adult supervision (1), mentorship (1), or site coordinator (1), which are research-supported effective practices in virtual education programs, were each addressed in only one to two states, as indicated by the number (Borup et al., 2015; Kozma et al., 1998; Liu et al., 2010; Liu & Liu, 2004; Zhang, 2003; Zucker & Kozma, 2003). Accountability policy was mentioned in merely 4 out of 31 states. In terms of the three performance groups, the results from the current study revealed no significant difference. “Definitions,” “Annual Reports,” and “EnrollmentEligibility” were a large portion of the code’s content in all three groups. While states from Performance Group 1 included the topic “Teacher-Staff” more frequently, Judy Yi, EdD Implementor Entity States AR, IA, ME, NM, SC, SD MI FL, ID MA CA, LA, NH Dept. of Ed. (E&S Division) Higher Ed. LEA or Local Charter State VS Board of Trustee/Directors VS Board of Trustee Not Available 6 1 20 2 1 3 # of States Table 3. Virtual School Program Implementor Types States MA, UT MI, MN, NM, WA CO, KS, MA, MI, MN, WA MA NH FL, GA, IA, ID, ME, MI, NM, SC, SD CA Higher Ed. Intermediate (Regional) District LEA VS Local Charter Multi-District Nonprofit Entity State Charter School State Virtual School/Program Not Available 2 4 24 18 6 1 1 9 1 # of States Table 4. Virtual School Types AL, AZ, CO, IA, IN, KS, KY, MI, MN, NE, NV, OK, OR, PA, SD, TN, TX, UT, WA, WI AL, AR, AZ, CO, FL, GA, IA, IN, KS, KY, LA, MA, MI, MN, NE, NH, NM, NV, OR, SD, TN, TX, UT, WA AR, AZ, CO, GA, ID, IN, LA, MA, MN, NH, NM, NV, OK, OR, PA, TX, UT, WI
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