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30 Gavora, P. (2010). Pre-service teacher self-efficacy: Theoretical and research considerations. The New Educational Review, 21(2), 17-30. Guarino, C. M., Santibanez, L., & Daley, G. A. (2006). Teacher recruitment and retention: A review of the recent empirical literature. Review of Educational Research, 76(2), 173-208. Hord, S. M. (1997). Professional learning communities: Communities of continuous inquiry and improvement. Southwest Development Laboratory. Retrieved from http://www.sedl.org/pubs/change34/plc-cha34.pdf Hord, S. M. (2009). Professional learning communities: Educators work together for a shared purpose. JSD, 30(1), 40-43. Kini, T., & Podolsky, A. (2016). Does teaching experience increase teacher effectiveness. A Review of the Research, 1-72. Moore Johnson, S. (2019, September 10). What makes teachers thrive? Retrieved from https://mobile.edweek. org/c.jsp?cid=25919971&bcid=25919971&rssid=25919961 &item=http://api.edweek.org/v1/ew/index. html?uuid=AF58EB68-D0BA-11E9-88B98AF258D98AAA&cmp=eml-enl-eu-news2&M=5893089 1&U=2877021&UUID=f9f84cbd771178af728e6b40a5e7e 6d2 Parise, L. M., & Spillane, J. P. (2010). Teacher learning and instructional change: How formal and on-the-job learning opportunities predict change in elementary school teachers’ practice. The Elementary School Journal, 110(3), 323-346.Podolsky, A., Kini, T., Bishop, J., & Darling-Hammond, L. (2017). Sticky schools: How to find and keep teachers in the classroom. Kappan Magazine, 98(8), 19-25. Retrieved from http://www. kappanonline.org/solving-teacher-shortage-revisiting/ Rasberry, M. A., & Mahajan, G. (2008). From isolation to collaboration: Promoting teacher leadership through PLCs. Center for Teaching Quality. Roy, P., & Hord, S. M. (2006). It’s everywhere, but what is it? Professional learning communities. Journal of School Leadership, 16(5), 490-504. Schmoker, M. (2004a). Tipping point: From feckless reform to substantive instructional improvement. Phi Delta Kappan, 85(6), 424-432. http://dx.doi.org/k0402sch.pdf Melissa Ann Heller, EdD About the Author Dr. Melissa Heller serves as the Chief of Strategy & Engagement in Richardson Independent School District. Other previous positions held include Executive Director of Professional Learning in Richardson as well as Director of Staff Development in Wylie Independent School District. She holds a Bachelor of Science Degree from Purdue University, a Master of Educational Leadership Degree from Dallas Baptist University, and a Doctor of Education Degree in Educational Leadership K-12 also from Dallas Baptist University. She can be reached at Melissa.heller@risd.org. Schmoker, M. (2004b). Learning communities at the crossroads: Toward the best schools we’ve ever had. Phi Delta Kappan, 86(1), 84-88. Retrieved from http:// pdkintl.org/publications/kappan/ Sutcher, L., Darling-Hammond, L., & Carver-Thomas, D. (2016). A coming crisis in teaching? Teacher supply, demand, and shortages in the U.S. Retrieved from Learning Policy Institute website. Texas Education Agency. (2019). Texas academic performance report. Retrieved from https://tea.texas. gov/perfreport/tapr/index.html Thessin, R. A., & Starr, J. P. (2011). Supporting the growth of effective professional learning communities districtwide. Phi Delta Kappan, 92(6), 48-54. Vescio, V., Ross, D., & Adams, A. (2008). A review of research on the impact of professional learning communities on teaching practice and student learning. Teaching and Teacher Education, 24(1), 80-91. Zee, M., & Koomen, H. M. (2016). Teacher self-efficacy and its effects on classroom processes, student academic adjustment, and teacher well-being: A synthesis of 40 years of research. Review of Educational Research, 86(4), 981-1015.

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