64 Ducere Est Servire: THE LEADERSHIP JOURNAL OF DALLAS BAPTIST UNIVERSITY norms and an individual’s intention to perform ethical or unethical behaviors.33 The degree to which external factors influence behaviors is still being researched, and many different factors have been associated. For instance, spirituality has been found to be an appropriate influence on an individual’s intrinsic attitudes (i.e. faith or belief) and extrinsic subjective norms (i.e. church or religious community involvement), which in turn affect their intentions to perform behaviors.34 The Reasoned Action Model shown in Figure 1 demonstrates three separate pathways towards an individual’s intention to perform a behavior.35 According to Bandura’s cognitive social learning theory, when young people observe the behaviors of adult role models, they tend to learn and imitate new behaviors themselves.36 This theory underscores the necessity of positive and effective adult role models in the early childhood development of young people, which in turn results in increased self-efficacy. An individual’s behavioral control toward exhibition of a particular behavior is generally connected to his or her generalized belief that the action will have a certain degree of consequence, as well as his or her evaluation of the magnitude or intensity of such consequences.37 When individuals possess high self-efficacy, they maintain strong behavioral control and belief in their own personal ability to perform behaviors leading to expected outcomes.38 Self-efficacy could become a critical component of Figure 1. The theory of reasoned action and planned behavior
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