25 Figure 1 Model of Spiritual Leadership Strategic Management Why plan in a world that is unpredictable? Hill et al. suggested, “In an unpredictable world, being able to respond quickly to changing circumstances and to alter the strategies of the organization accordingly is paramount.”22 According to Kennedy et al., strategic management involves planning the allocation of resources to implement actions on behalf of organizational leaders to improve performance in a given environment.23 Hill et al. suggested that strategies allow managers to achieve superior performance compared to their competitors. In the corporate context, leaders of the organization are managers. Strategic management focuses on strategic leadership, strategy formulation, and strategy implementation to achieve successful performance. Strategic leadership involves leaders managing the strategy-making process to formulate strategies that create competitive advantages. Strategy formulation is a process for selecting strategies. Lastly, strategy implementation involves utilizing the selected strategies from strategy formulation and putting them into action.24 In strategic management, thinking and planning are essential for creating successful strategies.25 STRATEGIC SPIRITUAL LEADERSHIP
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